Put Call Parity
Put Call Parity is a theorem that defines a price relationship between a call option, put option and the underlying stock.
Understanding the Put Call Parity relationship can help you connect the value between a call option, a put option and the stock. When you see how these building blocks are connected, you will be able to create other synthetic positions using various option and stock combinations.
Call - Put = Stock - Strike
These are the basic components for the put call parity formula:
- Buy Call Option
- Sell Put Option
- Equals Long Stock
If you are long a call and short a put at the same strike price, in the same expiration month, you are effectively long the underlying shares at the strike price level.
Using this basic equation, you can add/subtract components from one side to another to create synthetic payoffs of other option strategies. For example, move the put to the other side of the equation by adding it to both sides and subtract the stock leg from both sides, which will give you this:
C - S = P
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Here is how these components work together:
The conditions for the "official" theorem to hold true are:
- The options are of European style
- Identical strike price for both call and put options
- No brokerage or exchange fees (called a frictionless market)
- Interest rates remain constant until the expiration date
- The stock pays no dividends
In practice, however, the Put Call Parity relationship is used for many different asset types as a means of gauging an approximate value of a call or a put relative to its other components. The original formula provides the basis and we'll take a look later in the article how to account for American style stock options that pay dividends.
Put Call Parity Formula
The formula supposes the existence of two portfolios that are of equal value at the expiration date of the options. The premise is that if the two portfolios have identical values at expiration then they must be worth the same value now. If one portfolio was worth more than the other then traders would buy the undervalued asset and sell the overvalued asset until no further opportunity exists — also referred to as the "no arbitrage" principle.
This therefore means that buying a call and put at the same strike price with the same expiration date will have the same value as the stock price minus the strike price. Given this, the payoff profile of each side will also be the same and we can see this with a synthetic long stock profile, which is long call and short put.
Put Call Parity Example
Let's look at some real world examples of put call parity to understand how prices fit together. Take a look at the option series below for MSFT.
As an example, let's look at the $26 strike and see if the prices in the market prove put call parity. We'll see if we can back out the price of the call option given the prices of the other components.
If we rearrange the put call parity equation to solve for the call option we have:
Call = Stock - Strike + Put
Entering in the values from the market:
Call = 26.04 - 26.00 + 1.80
Call = 1.84
The last traded price of the call option in the market, however, is 1.66: a difference of 0.18. Why is this? Well, as mentioned earlier, the basic formula we've used so far assumed European options on stocks that don't pay dividends. But MSFT is a company that does pay dividends and the options traded are of American style. So how can we account for dividends with put call parity?
Put Call Parity with Dividends
As we know stocks pay dividends and these dividends affect the future valuation of the stock as money is being taken out of the company and paid to its shareholders. Because options have an expiration date, we need to value the option not against the current price of the stock but against what the expected value will be at the expiration date. This is known as the forward price.
Let's take the basic put call parity formula Call - Put = Stock - Strike and expand on this to account for the underlying stocks' dividends and interest rates. This makes the stock component Stock + Interest - Dividends. So now we have:
Call - Put = (Stock + Interest - Dividends) - Strike
And finally, as the strike price is the expected exercise price in the future we need to discount that value by the interest rates to a present value by dividing the strike by e ^ rt. The complete formula will now read:
Call - Put = (Stock + Interest - Dividends) - PV(Strike)
Or, simplified:
Call - Put = FV(Stock) - PV(Strike)
Where FV = Future Value and PV = Present Value.
Now going back to our MSFT example, let's apply dividends and interest rates and see if the market agrees with put call parity. First, we need to check if MSFT is paying a dividend prior to the expiration of the options. For US stocks we can find this information easily on Yahoo under "company events".
MSFT went ex-dividend on the 15th November for a payment of 0.20. Looking back we can see that the data shown on Yahoo confirms that the stock was adjusted on the 15th for a 0.20 dividend:
Next, we'll add the dividend information into our put call parity equation assuming 0.25% interest rates (World Interest Rates Table) and 94 days until the expiration date.
Call = FV(Stock) - PV(Strike) + Put
Where:
FV(Stock) = Stock + Interest - Dividends
FV(Stock) = 26.04 * (1.0025 ^ (94/365)) - 0.20
FV(Stock) = 25.85675
and:
PV(Strike) = 26.00 / (1.0025 ^ (94/365))
PV(Strike) = 25.98329
Finally:
Call = 25.85675 - 25.98329 + 1.80
Call = 1.673463
Versus the actual market price of 1.66. Taking into account brokerage and exchange fees I'd say there is no room to profit here hence proving put call parity exists for American options.
11 Comments
Nick January 25th, 2012 at 8:55pm
Quick question here. Since you have PV(strike)I think you don't need to multiply the spot with interest rate.
Call Price = S-PV(strike)-D+P=26.04-25.98-.020+1.80
= 1.66
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